Dynamical States of Bubbling in Vertically Vibrated Granular Materials: Part I — Collective Processes; Part II — Theoretical Analysis and Simulations Available to Purchase

PART I: Granular materials deform plastically like a solid under weak shear and they flow like a fluid under high shear. These materials exhibit other unusual kinds of behavior, including pattern formation in shaking of granular materials for which the onset characteristics of the various patterns are not well understood. Vertically shaken granular materials undergo a transition to a convective motion which can result in the formation of bubbles. In Part I, a detailed overview is presented of collective processes in gas-particle flows useful for developing a simplified model for molecular dynamic type simulations of dense gas-particle flows. The large eddy simulation method (LES) has been employed for simulating fluid flows through irregular array of particles. The results obtained may lead to scale-dependent closures for quantities such as the drag, stresses and effective dispersion. These are of use for developing a continuum approach for describing the deformation and flow of dense gas-particle mixtures described in Part II. PART II: Granular materials deform plastically like a solid under weak shear and they flow like a fluid under high shear. As discussed in Part I, these materials exhibit other unusual kinds of behavior, including pattern formation in shaking of granular materials for which the onset characteristics of the various patterns are not well understood. Vertically shaken granular materials undergo a transition to a convective motion which can result in the formation of bubbles. In this part, hydrodynamic continuum equations are presented for describing the deformation and flow of dense gas-particle mixtures. The constitutive equation used for the stress tensor provides an effective viscosity with a liquid-like character at low shear rates and a gaseous-like behavior at high shear rates. The numerical solutions are obtained for the aforementioned hydrodynamic equations for predicting the flow dynamics of dense mixture of gas and particles in a vertical cylindrical container, whose base wall is subjected to sinusoidal oscillation in the vertical direction given as z = A sin(k_vx) sin(l_vy) cos(ω_vt), where (ω_v = C$lv2+kv2$⁠), C is speed of wave in base wall of container, A is a constant, and k_v = m_vπ and l_v = n_vπ. For a heptagonal prism shaped container under vertical vibrations, the model results were found to predict bubbling behavior analogous to those observed experimentally. This bubbling behavior may be explained by the unusual gas pressure distribution found in the bed. In addition, oscillon type structures are found to be formed using a vertically vibrated, pentagonal prism shaped container. The latter, however, seems to strengthen the observation that the pressure distribution plays a key role in deformation and flow of dense mixtures of gas and particles under vertical vibrations.